The X-Files :: essays research papers

The X-Files The X-Files is generally acclaimed as the television cult hit of the 1990’s. The pilot that aired in September of 1993 introduced FBI agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully. Together the two work to uncover the truth behind unsolved cases that defy normal investigation, the cases that the government has buried or ignored, labeling them the â€Å"x-files.† The two agents are wonderful examples of modernism and post-modernism world views. First in order to understand the reasons Scully and Mulder portray the two world views, we must understand what modernism and post-modernism mean. Modernism was the era that was dominated by Freud and Marx, a belief that humans are purely material machines, a belief that we live in a purely physical world and nothing exists beyond what our senses perceive. Modernists believe that people should be rationalistic optimists and depend only on the data of their sense of reason. Scully strongly displays the modernist world view throughout the show even after the two agents have been through many fantastic adventures. In the show as a whole there are modernist aspects because both Scully and Mulder are truth seekers. The shows motto is â€Å"the truth is out there† so this produces a strong concept of truth. However the show as a whole is very post-modern because it questions the modernist world view with its themes. It is interesting the show continually suggests that â€Å"th e truth is out there† but it is hidden under many different interpretations and perspectives. Post-modernism rejects the modernist ideals of rationality, virility, artistic genius and individualism, in favor of being anti-capitalist and scornful of traditional morality. Mulder strongly displays the post-modern world view. Scully is the modernist in the show, she is constantly doubting Mulder and always making a new plot or rationalization for what is happening. Scully often makes fun of or laughs at Mulder’s insistence of the existence of the supernatural or paranormal. Scully values science and rationality and even though the events seem to be unbelievable she never gives in and believes in Mulder’s theories. The main reason Scully was assigned to the x-files project was because she was a skeptic, they trusted her to write a clear scientific analysis of the cases. In the pilot Mulder asks Scully if she believes in extraterrestrials, she replies with "Logically I would have to say no. Given the distances need to travel from the of reaches of space the energy requirements would exceed a spacecraft's capabilities —".

The Whiskey Rebellion :: essays research papers

The Whiskey Rebellion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 1, 1794, President George Washington was once again leading troops. Only this time Washington was not striking out against the British but rather against fellow Americans. The occasion for this was the Whiskey Rebellion. Various efforts had been made to diminish the heated opposition towards the tax on distilled liquors. However, there was only one man who has derived the best course of action. That man, President George Washington, deserves all the credit and recognition for his actions concerning the Whiskey Rebellion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In September 1791 the western counties of Pennsylvania broke out in rebellion against a federal â€Å"excise† tax on the distillation of liquor. After local and federal officials were attacked, President Washington and his advisors decided to send troops to assuage the region. On August 14, 1792, under the militia law, Henry Knox (secretary of war) had called for 12,950 troops. After this, many problems arose, both political and logistical. These dilemmas had to be overcome, and by October, 1794 the men were on the march towards Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. There, they contained the mob hysteria and anger. This event represented the first use of the Militia Law of 1792 enabling the militia to â€Å" execute the laws of the union, and suppress insurrection† (The Whiskey Rebellion of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is clear that George Washington was the source of success in the Whiskey Rebellion. When the militia, with Washington and Hamilton at its lead, reached western Pennsylvania, it became clear that there would be no armed resistance. Evidence of Washington's leadership in this rebellion took place when the â€Å"Representatives of the insurgents asked for clemency, and Washington granted it with stipulation that they comply with federal laws thereafter† (The Precipice of Power). This agreement forced the public to abide by the rules of the government and their taxes without any destructive rebellions. It was evident that Alexander Hamilton was not the backbone of this success. â€Å"His actions provided undeniable proof to Republicans that Hamilton was a monster who would stop at nothing to defend his corrupt policies, a budding Caesar bent on establishing monarchy† (A Biography of Alexander Hamilton). Hamilton did not care as much about the success of his government but of himself and his beliefs on the nation. Furthermore, Hamilton was planning on resigning, hence making it crucial to him to entrench the policies he had put into place. â€Å"For the remainder of his life Hamilton worried that his work would be destroyed, his

Free Essay on Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - The Character of Pearl :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Character of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter          Pearl was known as the devils child when she was young. She would have temper tantrums and do things her mother did not like. Pearl didn't know the true meaning of he letter on her mother's bosom. When the book ended, it did not say what happened to Pearl and how she lived her life from there. I believe that after Dimmesdale died and as Pearl got older, Hester told her what the true meaning of the scarlet letter was. I think Pearl always remembered that she was the result of that letter on her mother's bosom. To that, she would live her life truly and honestly.    I assume that Pearl grew up to be a beautiful woman. I believe she married a wonderful husband, was rue to him, and both made a good living. I think they lived in a nice home and were known by many other people. They both loved their life and lived it the best they could.    Pearl and her husband eventually had children. She would have taught them to do what is right and many other good things. She would have told her children about the scarlet letter that her mother once had to wear. How she wore it because of what she did wrong, and how she lived her own life because of it. Pearl would have brought her children up the right way and how she thought was good.    They would have lived a good lifestyle and done many things together as a family. Pearl and her husband stuck together and were truthful to each other. I think Pearl lived up to her ability and was a hard worker. She lived by God's rules and did what was right. Because of knowing what her mother did, I believe that she lived an honest life. She told the truth and was true to herself and others around her. She knew right from wrong. I can see that Pearl would have helped people out and would have done many good and godly things for others.    In conclusion, I think all the doings and actions of Pearl were honest and true because of how her own mother brought her up and how her mother lived her own life.

Cohesion and division in Australia during World War 2 Essay

Unlike the First World War which caused large social divisions within society over conflicting issues, Australia’s involvement in the Second World War served to create a sense of cohesion rather than division. There was a sense of national unity to provide support for Britain at the beginning of the war and as the threat of a Japanese invasion increased, so did this sense of unity. However as the war progressed, Australia became more independent from Britain and was prepared to act in its own interests to protect Australia. The general sense of cohesion was challenged by divisive elements such as the treatment of aliens, increase in federal power and the presence of the United States and Americans in Australia. However the inspiring leadership of John Curtin, public perception towards the war and the influence of government propaganda created stronger cohesion and unity despite the divisive factors. Australia’s initial involvement in the war was due to a sense of loyalt y to Great Britain as a member of the British Empire. Therefore when Great Britain declared war upon Germany on September 1st 1939, so too would Australia two days later. Supporting Britain in the war was viewed as Australia’s ‘melancholy duty’ and although it helped Australia’s economy and provided jobs for many as well as uniting many patriots including former and current soldiers, it also caused divisions in public opinion in regards to the war, especially those concerning conscription and opposition to the war. These members of society believed that the war was constitutionally wrong. Many of these divisive opinions were only present during the ‘phoney war’ period when Australia was not directly threatened by the war. However the fall and occupation of Singapore by the Japanese in 1942 as well as the failure of the Singapore Strategy, coupled with the bombing of Darwin destroyed any significant opposition towards the war and was a major turning point for Australia. The fall of Singapore and the threat of the Japanese invasion showed Australia the reality of the war and silenced many of the voices which previously spoke out against it; voices which now recognised the necessity of conscription and the war effort in order to defend Australia. Prior to the war, there was a constant debate and split opinions over the issue of conscription in the government. The new threat of the  Japanese enabled John Curtin to convince the various government parties, along with the majority of Australia’s population to accept limited conscription with an ease that would have been impossible during the First World War in order to defend Australia against the direct threat of the ‘Yellow Peril’. Curtin’s moderation and leadership served to unite Australians in a way which previous governments had failed in this time of crisis ‘It is now work and fight as we have never worked and fought before.’- John Curtin 1942. The threat of the Japanese also helped Australia realise how isolated it was in the pacific region and the marginal extent of Britain’s capacity to defend it given their preoccupation with the war in Europe. Curtin thus decided that Australia needed to place its own safety and defence first, putting Curtin at loggerheads with Churchill. Churchill wanted Australian soldiers to continue fighting in the war but Curtin insisted on their return to Australia, succeeding after much resistance from Churchill. Australia took one step further and accepted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act in 1942 which enabled them to adopt their own foreign policy. Australia would then rely heavily on America instead of Britain because of how more readily equipped they were to deal with the growing tensions in the pacific region, resulting in a strained relationship between Great Britain and Australia. However this new alliance with America would cause strains and divisions in Australian society as the American presence increased in Australia. Australia’s new dependence on America resulted in a large influx of American soldiers to Australia and while Australian society was initially accepting and welcoming of their unorthodox culture, behaviours and morals, this quickly turned to contempt and created an unsavoury relationship between Australians and Americans whom they saw as being a bad influence on the women and youth of Australia. Australians regarded Americans as being, â€Å"overpaid, oversexed and over-here†. However, while this had the possibility to cause influential divides in society, Australians realised the necessity for the American presence in their country and the security they had provided, overruling any irritation felt towards them. The Australian war effort in the pacific regions had also served to amplify and fuel the ‘Anzac legend’ creating a national sense of pride and unity during the war. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War thus served to create a more independent Australia, in charge of its own  policies and decisions in foreign affairs, creating cohesion within society. Along with the American presence, Australia’s treatment of aliens also had the potential to cause considerable divisions. When war broke out, many foreigners, mostly Germans, and other ‘dangerous persons were made to prove their identity and placed under strict rules which they had to adhere to in order to live in Australia. However it was not the government, but the Australian opinion towards foreigners which threatened social divide. Come 1939 and the War, Australia still had a strong racist tinge and there was widespread unease and hostility towards many foreigners. The groups most subject to this racism were German Jews, others escaping the Nazi regime and Asian immigrants. Australians did not trust them and questioned their motives. Distinctions were eventually made between ‘refugee’ aliens and ‘enemy’ foreigners but their reaction to the arrival of foreigners in their country threatened the cohesion and peace in society by creating a divide between immigrants and Australians. Australia’s involvement in the war also affected the economy domestically with the need for rationing being introduced, as well as an increased female work force. As the war progressed, the governments control on the activity of Australians increased as the demands for the war increased. Queues began to form for commodities and shortages began to develop. The amount of fuel to be consumed by the public and business were also stringently controlled and the rationing of household commodities would begin in 1942. However Curtin and his government believed that the effects of the rationing would only serve to increase the resolve and discipline of Australians during this period of conflict, uniting them to work together as a nation to overcome these difficulties, deepening the cohesion within society and encouraging a more thorough commitment to the war effort. â€Å"The great challenge today is to each individual – not to the other fellow – to forget self and order his or her life for the welfare of the nation.† – John Curtin However there were some divisive elements to the rationing as black market goods such as liquor and other luxury goods flourished. Few Australians did not frequent the black market and to the trade union movement this fuelled their belief that sacrifices were not being made equally. Despite this, there was an overall sense of unity through the rationing as Australians banded together to overcome the tumultuous times. The increased female work force was due to  the ever growing amount of men being drafted into the military, creating vacant positions in various industries, with thousands working in factories making munitions. Others joined the Women’s Land Army which aided in overcoming serious labour shortages around the nation. These women played an important role in agriculture an d other industries, allowing many men to be available for active service. The presence of the women at work showed a strong ‘team-spirit’ in Australia to work together to support the nation creating a strong sense of cohesion. There was also possible division over the issue of the Federal government being granted more power to control the affairs of the nation. The demands of the war would affect every sector of the economy and it became necessary for the government to take more control with the most significant change being the taxes. In order to fund the war, the Federal government had to impose various taxes which would have been unheard of during times of peace. The number of taxpayers increased considerably from 800 000 to two million, which meant people with extremely low incomes were required to pay taxes. However the surprising part of this change was the lack of opposition to it. Under the National Security Act of 1939, the government was allowed to pass regulations without the government which allowed them to have significant control over Australian industry and the activities of Australians during the war. In normal circumstances there would be great resentment and resistance to the Federal governments increase in power but because of the war, Australians understood the unavoidable need for such a step to be taken. There was a growing public sense of the Federal government’s importance and in this way; it created an expanding sense of national identity with the Federal parliament becoming an important symbol of national unity. Therefore any divisions caused by the increase in power were merely superficial and insignificant when compared to the cohesion created because of it. Government propaganda also played a vital role in creating cohesion within Australia’s society during the war. Groups which opposed the war effort were banned such as Communists and Jehovah Witnesses in order to convince the public of the necessity for war. The internment of people of certain nationalities also helped to quash anti-war views. There were also many ‘anti-Japanese’ and ‘anti-German’ campaigns and posters. Such censorship and propaganda served to unite the public to support the government’s war effort, exploiting the patriotic nature of Australians and  sense of duty in order to garner support. Finally, Australia’s overall sense of unity and cohesion can be credited to the immense work of John Curtin during his tenure as Prime Minister of Australia during the Second World War. His decisiveness and inspirational leadership were the driving factors behind Australia’s war effort and the transition made from being Britain’s subordinate to becoming an independent nation. His changes in foreign policy and decision to bring the troops home united Australians and provided them with a new sense of identity and pride and he quickly gained support from a united nation. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War was a journey filled with many potentially divisive elements. However they were ultimately outweighed by the more cohesive ones. Australia was united through a sense of patriotism and national pride to support the war that was unseen during the First World War. The fear of the Japanese invasion created a more independent nation with a stronger international presence. The war also sparked the beginning for an influx of refugees into Australia, transforming it into a more multicultural nation. Australia’s involvement in the Second World War ultimately resulted in unifying Australians with a new and dynamic national identity.

Stranded

It has been three months on this island and no sign of human kind other than my sister and L every day is a challenge between shelter and food Saftey isn't even a factor in this situation it really is a great challenge. We are currently located at a abandoned ship beeched near some rocks. There were a couple of supplies we gathered along the was such as bottles, containers, planks and more. Saphlre my sister gashed her leg while searching for fich on a sea shell It has begun toget Infected, we are hoping to find some medical supplies on the ship. so have begun doing everything around here.The food situation Is not well. Its beginning to get chilly Inwlch the flsh are not near shore and the frlut is gone. we have nothing but small creatures to catch and eat. I have been hunting often attempting to find something larger but not succeeding. I don't know how long we can live In this type of situation. The weather patterns are so different since the war the Island should not be getting co ld. The seasons are rapidly changing and It Is maklng things harder and us weaker. It has been a week since her leg Injury and 1m beginning to worry. I can see the pain in her eyes.It is a struggle tor her to even speak im hoping she will survive. Hope is all that is left. have made the decision it we dont tind a new shelter we have no chance. have been working on a ratt and have gathered enough tood. We will be leaving tor sea in the early morning. My sister needs help. I have been placing maggots on her open wound and attempting to keep it clean that's all I can offer. Were on our way! just got us going, Hoping we will find land soon. packed enough food for two weeks, and enough water for three. Im hoping we find land before we run out.

Leagalizing Marijuana

Many millions of people like to use marijuana, whether for therapeutic benefit or pleasure and every objective study on marijuana has concluded that it is far safer than alcohol and cigarettes for the consumer and the surrounding community. Alcohol and tobacco are more toxic, more addictive, and more harmful to the body than marijuana, and alcohol is more likely to result in injuries and lead to interpersonal violence. According to an assessment published in the British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Journal, health-related costs for alcohol consumers are eight times greater than those for marijuana consumers, and those for tobacco consumers are 40 times greater than those for marijuana consumers. Other benefits of legalising marijuana are: – Lower prices, thus crimes such as theft would be reduced – Street justice relating to drugs would be reduced Police and courts would be freed up for more serious crimes – illegal drug dealers would lose all or most of their business – the fact that is illegal makes it more of a ‘must have’ for young people trying to be ‘cool’. Illegal cannabis is a stepping stone leading to other more hard-core drugs such as ecstasy, heroin, and cocaine. Making it legal may change that the fact it would be much easier to obtain and people would not have to associate with drug dealers, thus not be around other drugs a nd not being tempted by offers for other drugs. Legalizing it would also stop illegal transportation from countries to countries which would cut down the airport arrests. Health risks are also very low, Dr. Paul Homby (who is one of the leading authorities on cannabis research) said that you would have to smoke 15,000 joints in 20 minutes for you to receive a toxic amount of delta 9 terrahdrocannibinol which is a chemical found in pot, this clearly is impossible. Some notable medical conditions that weed has been proven to help are; Epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, arthritis, depression, anxiety, hepatitis C and morning sickness. There is variety of reasons for this which include; – weed calms people down, – helps improve the effectiveness of legal drugs used for the condition – helps chronic pain – reduces and relives the intraocular pressure that causes optic nerve damage It is the contention of this essay that legalizing marijuana would not impact society in a negative way but actually in a more positive one. This is shown by data and research from doctoral studies and the British Columbia Mental Health institute which is also supported by my invalid opinion.

Commercial aviation

Introduction Yield management can be described as the collection of processes, techniques used by airlines to make its customers pay as much as possible for their seats, while maintaining load-factor., (Alderighi et al, 2012). Mittal et al (2013) added that it has become near impossible to sustain a business without affective yield management, in particular when capacity is constrained. It was also noted that increased competition through low-cost carriers has created an environment where yield management must be monitored to ensure carriers can compete effectively on price, (Vila, 2011). This assignment will consider how airlines use yield management as a tool to meet management strategies, providing examples to support research. The strategies that emerge from this use will also be considered along with their effectiveness. The main strategy of the airline is to maximize revenue from its available inventory of stock (its seats). The strategy is to sell the right seats to the right people, (Kimes, 1989). The airline must find a trade-off between discounting its seat to increase sales and fill its inventory, while selling full-fare tickets to generate profits its operations, (Vila, 2011). Airlines Fixed Capacity The reasoning behind the need for yield management is the fixed capacity faced by airlines. Airplanes have a fixed capacity (seating) and so will attempt to generate the greatest income from the availability. Furthermore, airlines must also consider that their operations face a high-level of fixed costs in terms of staffing, fuel etc. Given this, the airline needs to manage capacity to ensure profitability, (Sheehan, 2013). The equation for yield management could be shown as: The formula above compares the revenue achieved with the maximum potential revenue. For example, take an aircraft with 200 seats, which could each sell for ?100, adding up to maximum potential revenue of ?20,000. However, the carrier has only sold 150 seats at an average of ?80 (total ?12,000 revenue) per seat given early discounts and last-minute offers. Given this, the equation will be: Market Segmentation With the above, airlines have generally been successful given their ability to segment the market with a number of strategies. Firstly, airlines have adapted their strategies to offer a number of ticketing options, allowing them to differentiate prices, also seen in the hotel sector in terms of room offering, Dunbar (2003). One main factor is flexibility; some consumers will prefer the lowest-cost ticket with non-cancellation or change, while some will be willing to pay more for the same seat given the flexibility to cancel/change their booking. Another example could be the timing of flights; some consumers will be willing to pay more for daytime flight than an overnight flight, while again, some consumers will be willing to pay more for a direct flight than a flight with numerous changes, (Shaw, 2012). However, airlines are able to use connection flights as a way to control inventory by flying consumers to a hub airport, where they can then fill up other flights capacity. For example, take a journey from London Heathrow to Tokyo; a consumer could either fly direct with British Airways for around ?900/ return or fly with Emirates, with a connection in their Dubai hub, for around ?650/ return, with Emirates benefitting from filling up inventory on its flights, (Expedia, 2014) [Online]. Finally, one the most common forms of segmentation is different ‘classes’ available on flights. While some of the cheaper airlines only offer standard class to focus on the price-sensitive consumers, major airlines have developed a number of classes to differentiate pricing. For example, a consumer could fly economy, premium economy, extra-legroom, business-class and first-class, which all over a slightly different service, allowing the airline to charge a different price as well as appealing to different customers, (Belobaba et al, 2009). Inventory To airlines, their inventory is their seat capacity, which could be seen as ‘perishable’ – if the plane departs with empty seats, the capacity is lost and no revenue can be derived. Again, this brings into question a trade-off, between selling advanced tickets at a lower price to ensure a desired ‘load-factor’, while also saving capacity in the hope that a higher-paying customer will purchase. This brings into question fluctuating demand by time and season. Yield Management may be used as a tool to smooth the demand pattern, which may see some airlines fares change by the hour/ day, (Alderighi et al, 2012). For example, an airline may increase its business class seats during the week, working hours; given the main demand for this offering will be business travelers, who would be more likely to make the booking during the working week. Furthermore, an airline may also increase its price during peak seasons, given the higher underlying demand, leading to increased revenue, which could then be used to support lower prices in the low season to entice customers. Airlines will respond to increased demand by upping prices; an example could be seen with flights from the UK to Brazil for the upcoming World Cup (Clarke, 2013) [Online]. According to Lufthansa Systems (2014: 1) [Online]: â€Å"Today’s airline business is evolving into a two-tier industry: global alliances are reaching worldwide coverage and no-frills carriers are gaining market share with a low-cost, point-to-point product.† No-Frills airlines increase competition The continued expansion of no-frills airlines coupled with the recent economic depression has combined to dampen demand for major carriers such as British Airways (BA), KLM on some routes, (Alderighi et al, 2012). This move has been supported by new, more fuel-efficient aircraft and also development of infrastructure, which has allowed these low-cost carriers to operate from new ‘hubs’, (Weiss, 2014) [Online]. For example, in London, the majority of major international carriers such as BA, Emirates, Virgin operate predominantly from London Heathrow, however, the development of Stansted airport has provide greater capacity for Ryanair and EasyJet, at lower costs, while the infrastructure development has allowed the airport to be a viable option for customers throughout London and the South, (Neufville, 2008). Closer Integration to Control In a bid to counter increased competition and improve capacity efficiency, airlines are continuing to integrate and form alliances, (Merkert, 2012). For example, BA recently merged with Spain’s Iberia, given it greater access to South American routes, (BBC Business, 2010) [Online], while also buying smaller regional UK carrier BMI, to take control over its Heathrow landing slots, (CAPA, 2013). Furthermore, BA is also part of the ‘OneWorld’ alliance, with other airlines such as American Airlines (AA) among others, (OneWorld, 2014) [Online]. Apart from OneWorld, Star-Alliance and SkyTeam are the other major alliances. These alliances allow airlines to share capacity, reducing the need for direct competition on a number of routes, which could then lower price. According to IATA (2013), customers now demand a ‘from anywhere to anywhere’ service, which is impossible for one airline to supply efficiently, increasing the need for connection flights and multiple carriers. On their own, few airlines would be able to generate the needed traffic to justify a daily non-stop service; furthermore some airlines may be constricted by availability of infrastructure and flight capacity, (CAPA, 2013). For example, take BA, the airline is currently restricted by capacity at Heathrow airport, which may restrict its opportunity to serve each US route; however through joining with AA in the alliance, BA could offer services a selected number of major US hubs, where AA could then fly customers onto their final destination, (Wu, 2014). This will also reduce the need for major capital deployment into new air craft from BA, BA could focus these resources on new routes and emerging markets for example. Research from Brueckner and Spiller (1994), Bailey and Liu (1995) and Brueckner and Whalen (2000) all concluded that consumers put great emphasis on price and network scope. Network scope is increasingly relevant for business travelers as globalization opens up new markets and opportunities, increasing the need for services to a wide range of destinations. Network depth, with a choice of convenient timings for travel, is also important for these passengers, (IATA, 2013). However, not all airlines have adopted alliances, instead moving on with major expansion plans, with the main example Emirates. The airline has increased its fleet in a bid to expand routes rapidly; however, this has been supported by major capacity at its Dubai hub coupled with a favorable location between the growing African and Asian markets. Furthermore, backing from Dubai, who are pushing to turn the emirate into a major tourism destination are supporting major capital outlays on new aircraft, also allowing the carrier to undercut on prices, (Arabian Money, 2013) [Online]. Technology Carriers can also use technology in a bid to aide yield management. For example, carriers can use a Computer Reservation System (CRS) to track purchases of seats in terms of time, price. As more sales move online and onto carrier websites, carriers will find it easier to track demand for their flights. With this information, carrier ay determine optimum times to sell higher-priced tickets or levels at which to discount to attract sufficient demand to fill the plane. Carriers could also utilse information from Global Distribution Systems (GDS) such as Galileo Desktop, which is: â€Å"Galileo Desktop is a sophisticated global reservation, business management and productivity system that gives you vast content options, accurate pricing capabilities, and highly capable booking tools.† (Travelport, 2014) [Online] These systems could be used along with information from Passenger Name Records (PNR) to analysis customer behavior and buying habits to ensure greater achieved revenue. For example, a carrier such as Ryanair may use the data to determine its optimal pricing, given the focus on price for low-cost airlines. This may prevent the carrier from over-discounting on tickets, increasing achieved revenue. The more information that a carrier can collect on customer behavior, the greater chance they have of determining a pricing strategy to achieve the greatest revenue, (Wensveen, 2011) Concluding Remarks From the discussion above, the issue of yield management has gained greater emphasis as the continued expansion of ‘No-Frills’ airlines and a more price-sensitive consumer have led to greater need to control costs. In a bid to control their revenue, airlines have adopted a number of methods, with market segmentation continuing to be a main point. Airlines have focused on splitting the market, offering new seat/booking options to justify a differing price; to add, with the deliveries of the new Airbus A380’s, a number of airlines are increasing the top-market offerings such as individual cabins and lay-down beds to increase revenue from the business/first-class segment, allowing them to compete more effectively for the price-sensitive consumer in economy class. Furthermore, airlines are now concentrating on joint ventures and alliances to further increase efficiency and reduce costs in a bid to maintain yields as increased competition put little potential for price increases. The discussion has shown that these ventures provide great potential for airlines when faced with capacity and infrastructure issues. References Alderighi, M, Nicolini, M and Piga, C (2012): Combined Effects of Load Factors and Booking Time on Fares: Insight from the Yield Management of the Low-Cost Airline, Italy, Italy, Fondazione Eni. Alderighi, M, Cento, A, Nijkamp, P and Rietveld, P (2012)1: Competition in the European aviation market: the entry of low-cost airlines, Journal of Transport Geography, 24, pp223-233. Arabian Money (2013) [Online]: Seat sale as Emirates expands aggressively for market share, Available at http://www.arabianmoney.net/business-travel/2012/02/08/seat-sale-as-emirates-expands-aggressively-for-market-share/, Accessed 04/03/2014. Bailey and Liu (1995): Airline Consolidation and Consumer Welfare, Eastern Economic Journal, 21 (4), pp10-24. BBC Business (2010) [Online]: British Airways and Iberia sign merger agreement, Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8608667.stm, Accessed 04/03/2014. Belobaba, P, Odoni, A and Barnhart, C (2009): The Global Airline Industry, USA, Wiley. Brueckner and Spiller (1994): Economies of Traffic Density in the Deregulated Airline Industry, Journal of Law and Economics, 379. Brueckner, J and Whalen, W (2000): The Price Effects of International Airline Alliances, The Journal of Law and Economics, 43 (2), pp42-56. CAPA (2013): Heathrow Airports slot machine, UK, CAPA. Clarke, D (2013) [Online]: England fans warned to expect high-prices in Brazil, Available at http://www.direct-travel.co.uk/travel-insurance-news/england-fans-warned-to-expect-high-prices-in-brazil-801650475, Accessed 05/03/2014. Dunbar, I (2004): Market segmentation: How to do it, how to profit from it, USA, Elsevier Publications. IATA (2013): The economic benefits generated by alliances and joint ventures, USA, IATA. Kimes, S (1989): Yield Management: a tool for capacity-considered service firms, Journal of Operations Management, 8 (4), pp348-363. Lufthansa Systems (2014) [Online]: revenue Management and Pricing, Available at https://www.lhsystems.com/solutions-services/airline-solutions-services/commercial-solutions/revenue-management-pricing.html, Accessed 05/03/2014. Merkert, R and Morrell, P (2012): Mergers and Acquisitions in aviation-management and economic perspectives on the size of airlines, Logistics and Transportation Review, 48 (4), pp853-862. Neufville, R (2008): Low-Cost Airports for Low-Cost Airlines, Transportation Planning and Technology, 31 (1), pp35-68. OneWorld (2014) [Online]: Member Airlines, Available at http://www.oneworld.com/member-airlines/overview, Accessed 04/03/2014. Mittal, P, Kumar, R and Suri, P (2013): A Genetic Simulator for Airline Yield Management, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 2 (9). Shaw, S (2012): Airline marketing and management, UK, Ashgate Publishing. Sheehan, J (2013): Business and Corporate Aviation Management: Second Edition, USA, McGraw Hill Professional. Travelport (2014): Galileo Desktop, Available at http://www.travelport.com/Products/Galileo-Desktop#, Accessed 04/03/2014. Vila, N and Corcoles, M (2011): Yield management and airline strategic groups, Tourism Economics, 17 (2), pp261-278. Voneche, F (2005): Yield Management in the Airline Industry, USA, Berkeley. Wensveen, J (2011): Air Transportation; A Management Perspective, London, Ashgate Publishing. Weiss, R (2014) [Online]: Lufthansa targets lower costs on new aircraft’s fuel use, Available at http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-10/lufthansa-targets-lower-costs-as-new-aircraft-help-savings-plan.html, Accessed 04/03/2014. Wu, C and Lee, A (2014): The impact of airline alliance terminal co-location on airport operations and terminal development, Journal of Air Transport Management, 36, pp69-77.